Engel’s laws Differences noted over a century ago by Ernst Engel in how people shift their spending across food, housing, transportation, health care, and other goods and services categories as family income rises.
Environmental management perspective A management perspective in which the firm takes aggressive actions to affect the publics and forces in its marketing environment rather than simply watching and reacting to them.
Environmental sustainability A management approach that involves developing strategies that both sustain the environment and produce profits for the company.
Exchange The act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return.
Exclusive distribution Giving a limited number of dealers the exclusive right to distribute the company’s products in their territories.
Experience curve (learning curve) The drop in the average per unit production cost that comes with accumulated production experience.
Experimental research The gathering of primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling unrelated factors, and checking for differences in group responses.
Exploratory research Marketing research to gather preliminary information that will help define problems and suggest hypotheses.
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